AlsaStackAKB
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I'm basically sandboxing here, since this isn't linked from anyplace. It's a work in progress. Move along, move along. Yes, I use the first person quite a bit, sometimes as "we", in the vague hope that this will grow up to be a mature wiki document maintained by a bunch of people.
Contents
Software World
To play or record sound on a linux system, commands and audio data go through a chain of software components. There are also hardware components, of course, but we'll look at them seperately.
Components include:
- the program or application that plays or records the sound (like realplayer, xmms, a game, etc.). This app will use one of many API's to tell a program library about the sound commands it wants performed.
- the library that provides the API for the application to use, and passes the command data along. Sometimes it passes it on to an intermediate set of programs, sometimes it hands it to the operating system core (the kernel).
- the intermediate systems between the library and the kernel, if any. We'll refer to these as "sound servers", because so far there isn't a better term.
- the kernel API that the libraries used by the apps and sound servers talks to. This lives inside the kernel.
- the kernel sound system that interprets the commands. This has multiple parts, depending on what kind of commands are being executed. These parts mostly correspond to the sound card sub-devices.
- the kernel hardware driver that tells the hardware what to do, and listens to input from the hardware to pass back along the chain.
We'll describe things in reverse order.
Sound Card Hardware Drivers
The driver is the part of the linux operating system that packages up the information for a piece of hardware (like, say, a sound card) and shoves it someplace where the hardware will see it and pay attention. It also does the reverse, listening to data coming in from the hardware, and letting the rest of the operating system know it's there.
You can think of it like a mail room at a big company; you give the hardware driver your package for the sound card (for example some sounds you want played) and it wraps it up and hands it to the postman. When an answer comes back (containing, for example, a note that your sound has been played), the hardware driver signs for the package, unpacks it some, and drops it on your desk.
Different cards have different abilities to do things; some can play music thru six speakers, others only know about one. Some can handle 12-track recording for a musician, others have a single microphone input.
Not all drivers are created equal. Some can use all the capabilities of the cards they support, while others provide only the bare minimum of functionality.
Questions:
- What HW drivers are there?
- What HW drivers do I have installed?
- What HW drivers do I need?
- What commands do the drivers support?
- What features do the drivers support?
- How can I make sure the driver works?
Kernel Sound Systems
Linux has two sound systems:
- The old one, now being phased out, is OSS (the Open Sound System)
- The new one is ALSA (the Advanced Linux Sound Architecture)
Questions:
- What Sound System do I have installed?
- How can I make sure the kernel sound system works?
- Which distros have which sound system?
Why not OSS?
OSS had the problem that only one application could send sound to it at a time. For example, if you tried to listen to some MP3's and play a game at the same time, only one of those two applications would be able to actually produce sound.
To get around this, a whole bunch of different programs were developed that could take multiple streams of sound and mix them. When ALSA came along, many of those applications were modified so that they could use either ALSA or OSS. These became some of the "sound servers".
OSS is currently listed as "deprecated" in the linux kernel configurations, and this means that the kernel developers won't give much support to people using it. Few drivers are being written for new sound cards.
/dev/dsp
The linux device file normally used by OSS applications to send sound to
the sound card for output is /dev/dsp
.
Only one program can use this device at a time, so if an MP3 player is
playing a song for you and you start up a game, the game will likely
gripe that /dev/dsp
is already in use, and possibly will crash, or
hang until the MP3 player releases the device.
Why ALSA?
ALSA is better than OSS for a bunch of reasons, including that it can handle multiple sources of sound and that it's what people are now writing hardware drivers for. Being a second system, its design benefits from seeing the shortcomings in the first system. As well, the world of linux sound is now more complex, with fancy new sound cards, programs for multi-track recording and playback for musicians, and so on. ALSA was designed with many more of these capabilities in mind.
To ease the transition, ALSA provides various ways to support programs that want to use OSS. Some work better than others, depending on the exact situation.
Kernel APIs
OSS and ALSA use different kernel APIs. This means that a program written to use only one of these systems can't directly use the other.
ALSA provides two ways to deal with this:
- In-Kernel OSS Emulation
- Out of Kernel OSS Emulation
Questions: How can I tell what's installed on my system? How do I test it?
In-Kernel OSS Emulation
ALSA has an emulation (imitation) of OSS' kernel API. This can be used two ways:
- By compiling it into the kernel
- By compiling it as a module and inserting it into the kernel
If it is compiled into the kernel, it can't be removed. This can be a problem for a few reasons. Among them:
- It can make configuration more difficult to debug.
- It can't be switched off, which means poorly behaved apps and system software which try to use it need may need to be rooted out.
Compiled as a module, it still has some of these problems; applications trying to use OSS even if you don't want them to will often cause the kernel to automatically load the OSS Emulation Modules if they are available.
Why use In-Kernel emulation?
- It is generally simpler to use, especially at a user level
- Performance is better; with Out of Kernel Emulation, you might have to deal with audio dropouts, stalling, and similar problems
Out of Kernel OSS Emulation
Sound Servers and API Madness
If you've been following along so far, you've seen that ALSA has the following common ways to get sound in and out:
- OSS API compiled into the kernel.
- OSS API built as a module and loaded into the kernel.
- OSS API provided via a library, that talks to the ALSA parts in the kernel.
- ALSA API provided via a library.
Now it gets even more complicated.
There are six (that I can think of) common "sound server" systems that can get between any of the above four implementations of two APIs and the program that wants to make or record sound:
- aRts, the analog Realtime synthesizer, the sound system of KDE
- dmix, actually part of ALSA and not a seperate system, it acts as an Indirection Layer though, so it gets covered here
- esd, the Enlightened Sound Daemon, developed for the Enlightenment window manager
- jack
- NAS, the Network Audio System, developed for X Windows xterminals
- SDL, the Simple DirectMedia Layer
Many applications have multiple output methods, so that they can talk to several (or even all!) of these systems.
aRts
dmix
esd
jack
NAS
NAS was written by the NCD corporation, which used to make X terminals, a sort of thin client (A machine you plunk on a desk like an appliance which is simple enough that users can't easily break it. Usually has no disk drives.) based on the X Windows system.
Latest (as of May 2006) Stable revision: 1.7, released 2004-11-14 Latest (as of May 2006) Development revision: 1.7b, released 2005-06-04
How does it output sound:
it writes to /dev/audio an exclusive /dev entry
Interfaces:
- Library libaudio.so
- Unix Socket, /tmp/.sockets/audio# (where # is which output device)
- tcp port, port 8000 + # (where # is output device, starting from
0)
- can turn off tcp listener entirely
- can set tcp listener to ignore network (only let users on the machine use it)
- (some sort of authentication scheme)
Sample Applications that usually come with it:
- auplay
- auctl
- auinfo
- audemo
- audial
- autool
- auscope
- aupanel
- auedit
- auconvert
- auphone
- aurecord
- auwave
Audio Formats it can natively deal with:
- .aiff, .aif
- .au
- .voc
- .wav
SDL
Security, Devices, and Firmware
Sound Cards
Sound cards (or built-in sound chips on a PC's motherboard) typically have firmware that presents the following types of components, known as sub-devices, for the host computer to use:
- Control circuitry, which lets the PC control the volume
- PCM synthesizers, which produce sound. (this is where the signal to your speakers is generated)
- PCM samplers, which turn sound into digital information a computer can handle (this is where the mic input becomes digital info)
- Timers, to make sure sounds happen at exactly the correct time
- Sequencers
- MIDI
Not all cards have all devices, many cards have several of each. All the devices might live in a single chip, but linux doesn't need to know or care about that.
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